 Universal basic income (UBI) , also called guaranteed basic income, is the concept that every working person should be provided with enough income to meet basic needs. Thus far, when UBI is put in practice, only those who earn very little or no income benefit.
Regional and local governments around the world, such as Manitoba and Ontario in Canada, Utrecht in the Netherlands, Nairobi in Kenya and several villages in India have experimented with it. The United States used a negative income tax (paying people who made little or no money when they filed their taxes) for some years. The State of Alaska and Spain both have forms of guaranteed basic income. Some national governments, such as Finland and Germany are also experimenting with the concept. The COVID-19 pandemic, with the shutdown's impact on loss of income supplemented by many governments may yield opportunities to help answer some questions about guaranteed basic income, such as: what do people do when they cannot do their jobs and have a guaranteed income? Do they stop working or do they find other ways to work? If they find other ways to work, do they find paid work or do they do unpaid work? You can ask yourself these questions if you received benefits during the pandemic. AI’s job replacement rate is between 3-6 jobs.* Some researchers predict that worldwide, a massive percent of the workforce could lose their jobs in the next ten to twenty years. These predictions often give rise to a discussion about universal basic income. *Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. Journal of Political Economy, doi:10.1086/705716 **Susskind, D. (2020). A world without work: Technology, automation, and how we should respond. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company; Amblee, R. (2019). Who pays who?How abundance created by Artificial Intelligence would pay for universal basic income. Gloture Books How abundance created by Artificial Intelligence would pay for universal basic income. Gloture Books
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 Expectations are part of our nature. They empower you to shape your future. When you expect good things from yourself, act on those expectations and achieve them, then you have reason to feel a sense of accomplishment.
A person with unrealistic expectations for themselves can end up never feeling satisfied with any achievement, no matter how magnificent. Instead, they always feel a sense of not being enough. This may be in relation to feeling responsible for things they have no control over, such as saving the planet, reversing global warming or changing the political tides of a nation, or it may be in relation to a personal sense of unworthiness, so that no matter what they achieve, it is never enough because they feel as if they are not enough. These kinds of expectations are often established at an early age in a person's life, and it takes thoughtful reflection to understand how to set more realistic expectations for oneself. Another source of unrealistic expectations can come from life’s stages. As your life circumstances change and as you age, your capacities change. One of the skills a person who successfully ages or adapts with resiliency to changes in life's circumstances is the ability to change their expectations. Aging is one of the most obvious reasons for changing expectations. Changes in the physical body necessitate a change in expectations.. A thirty-year-old marathon runner cannot expect their seventy or eighty-year-old body to run 42.2 kilometers. However, changing their expectations may give them a similar sense of accomplishment from walking a few miles a day. Changing expectations for productivity may mean letting go of an aspiration of a career milestone and, instead, focusing on sharing knowledge through mentorship, writing and other ways of creating a legacy. As a person ages, they can change their expectations of their mental acuity by focusing on learning new things instead of worrying about memory loss (however, one should always consult a doctor when losing memory, as it may be treatable). This manner of changing expectations is not settling for less. It involves understanding and appreciating what you can do, and finding pleasure in your accomplishments based on that realistic awareness. Loss also calls for change in expectations. A natural inclination when faced with loss is to try to replace what it is you have lost. For example, a person who loses a job will have a natural inclination to seek the same or a higher position, and a person who loses a partner may seek someone who is just like their last beloved. Understanding this inclination can help you view loss in a different way. A loss of a job, a relationship, or an investment can be a time to reflect on the choices in your life, and your life's path, and see if a change in your career, orientation or preoccupations would bring you more happiness.  Two generations ago, one could expect to be employed for their entire life. At least two of your grandparents probably started the first day of the job when they were less than twenty five years old and retired at sixty five or older. That would be unusual today. Few people can expect to have the same employer in five or ten years. Most people can expect to be “let go” at some point, laid off, or lose a job because of an economic downturn or advances in artificial intelligence (AI).
In the last century, technology has already eradicated many jobs: daguerreotypists, telephone switchboard operators and telegraph operators, knocker-ups (they taped on your window before alarm clocks were invented) and movie projectionists are a few. Technology has transformed every job, sometimes with great resistance. The term luddite comes from the English mill workers, who threw their shoes into the cotton gins (sometimes credited with bringing on the industrial revolution) because the new technology was replacing their jobs. Today it's not just factory workers who are seeing technology, in the form of AI, replacing or changing their jobs. It is now less common to buy a railway or airline ticket from a person than from a kiosk or online platform, pay a toll to a toll booth operator than a machine, and get customer service from a live person rather than a bot. A few generations from now, people will probably have to look up what toll booth operator means the same way we do for daguerreotypists today. AI is replacing manufacturing jobs in every industry: the auto, electronic, chemical, pharmaceutical and metals industries, retail and business to business, restaurant and transportation industries, as well as highly skilled jobs in the business, science, medicine, law* and psychology**. Eventually, AI will likely be a large part of every job, just as digital technology is today, or, as feared by some, In the current economic paradigm, AI may altogether replace humans in the workforce.*** Unemployment causes unhappiness and can leave a person with feelings of anxiety, dejection and depression for many years, even after they find a new employment.**** If AI causes unemployment on a massive scale, humans who rely upon jobs for support will need a new economic paradigm.. One way to prepare for unemployment in your own life is to change your perspective of what work is. *Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. Journal of Political Economy, doi:10.1086/705716; Lo, Y., Woo, C. & Ng, K. (2019). The necessary roadblock for artificial general intelligence: corrigibility. Easy Chair Print, 846. Retrieved from https://wwww.easychair.org/publications/preprint_download/gRlw ** Gratzer D, Goldbloom D. Open for Business: Chatbots, E-therapies, and the Future of Psychiatry. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2019;64(7):453-455. doi:10.1177/0706743719850057 ***Harari, Y. (2016). Homo Deus. Harvill Secker. **** Clark, A., Flèche, S., Layard, R., Powdthavee, N. & Ward, G. (2018). Origins of Happiness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.  Money is important but it is not the ultimate aim of life. It is what you do with money that matters. You exchange money for food, shelter, and everything else you need to feel safe and comfortable. You save or invest extra money you earn with the expectation you will use it to buy what you need to be safe and comfortable in the future. Most people use money to meet most of their needs. We call it earning a living, or supporting oneself.
Imagine a world where AI did the work you are doing now. It is the same for your neighbors and the people you encounter in your daily life: grocery clerks, the sanitation workers, doctors, teachers and professors, and even artists and authors. Where will you be? In that world, it may be true that “the most important decision you can make for your happiness is which parents you choose” as stated by Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz said at the 5th OECD World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy in 2015. Only the few who control AI may have jobs and they may be the only ones who can feed, clothe and shelter their families. You may be homeless, living hand to mouth, hungry, anxious, and, in all likelihood, eventually addicted. Unable to meet your basic needs, you and others like you might fall into a lawless armageddon, filling prisons and fulfilling doomsday prophecies about AI and humanity. Or you may be part of a sustainable community that generates its own food, clothing, shelter and energy. You may find ways to put your talents to work that foster security and a sustainable capacity to meet needs for you and others. You may be fulfilling dreams of utopian societies and a simpler life. On the other hand, universal basic income may become as ubiquitous as taxes are today. You may have enough money to meet your needs, but no purpose or meaning in life. Instead of being homeless you become hopeless and descend into depression. Or you could take another route, and free income may liberate you to explore and develop parts of yourself so that you fully live your purpose. You may find yourself inspired and driven to create and produce goods or services that help other people, or to take a much more active role than you ever considered in building and maintaining a strong community around you. In preparation for the almost nearly inevitable changes you will face in your employment status, you can define what support means to you. Support is composed of many things - from food to love, home to hope. Another way to think about support is all the things you need to be happy. - Written by L. Musikanski The Happiness Movement has always been about systemic change, and at its core, has always focused on where people are hurting the most. In this tragic (and not unfamiliar) time, we grieve, both as a nation and individually, the loss of the lives of some of our future generation, and the loss of a sense of safety for all of our children. Today the leading cause of death among our children (ages 5-19) is gun violence. There are some more guns than people in America at present and about 50,000 guns are sold daily. Thus, we present our Call to Action, and ask you to do the same. You are welcome to download ours and adapt it for your own Call to Action  In California and other areas, laws are under consideration or enacted to ban oil-powered cars. Is this the answer to sustainable development? It is true that such laws will increase production of electric another alternative powered vehicles, and the alternative fueled car industry may be a good investment - that is if our environment will survive.
There are many problem with electric car legislation, from social inequity to the wars and human rights violations each time lithium is in demand, not the least of which is how do we expect to meet the demands of electricity? (Spoiler alert here - nuclear power is already powering many of us). But the main problem is that this kind of legislation takes us further away from systems that allow for sustainable living and sustainable development. So, why don’t we do the smart thing? Let's invest in public transportation. Let’s just ban cars all together, and create clean public transportation systems that support rather than deplete the environment. And let's put an end to living out of harmony with each other and nature, and take a note from the world’s happiest countries, where village living allows people to work, play and live pretty close to sustainably. There are other solutions. These solutions are not brain science. They are what our great grandmothers knew, they are in all of our past, and they are right there for us to discover. Can you make a difference? Remember - language is the DNA of culture. Talking, thinking, sharing ideas about how to live sustainably makes a difference. Authored by L. Musikanski A special message from John de Graaf, co-founder of the Happiness Alliance and founder of And Beauty For All:
I'm excited to report that the Happiness Alliance’s Happiness Index survey now contains a question helping to measure the connection between beauty (landscape and built environment) and happiness or wellbeing. I’ve argued for some time that this is an important connection. An extensive Gallup study (Soul of the Community) and another by the University of South Carolina (Untangling what makes cities livable: happiness in five cities) and The Beauty-Happiness Connection) have established a strong connection between the "aesthetics" of a community and the life satisfaction and attachment to the place of its residents. A study in Vienna, Austria found that people walking through areas of parks and green spaces report higher happiness and have lower cortisol levels (Green Space and Stress: Evidence from Cortisol Measures in Deprived Urban Communities). Another extensive study using the Mappiness app in the UK showed higher levels of everyday life satisfaction in places thought to be aesthetically pleasing by a large study of preferences using photos of places (Happiness is Greater in Natural Environments). And a series of studies in Philadelphia (To Combat Gun Violence, Clean Up the Neighborhood) showed a major drop in crime, decrease in mental illness and increase in community trust where ugly, littered, lots and abandoned homes in the city were converted to parks and gardens. And there's lots more evidence!  Guest post by David Wilson of happylifeguru.com.Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the United States, affecting 40 million adults in the US age 18 and older. That's 18% of the population! If you are one of the millions of people who suffer from anxiety attacks, you know how debilitating they can be. Anxiety is often not associated with happiness, but it plays a significant role. This is why the Happiness Index includes a question about anxiety alongside the question about how happy you feel. Medically, anxiety is has a similar impact on the mind and body as depression, and can be thought of as form of depression when chronic. In this blog post, we will discuss 10 effective ways to get rid of anxiety attacks and live a happier life! Number 1: Accept the feelingsThe first step to getting rid of anxiety is to accept the feelings. Anxiety is a normal emotion that everyone experiences at some point in their life. It's important to remember that you are not the only person who feels this way. There is nothing bad about anxiety. We sometimes need anxiety to prepare our bodies for a stressful situation, but sometimes we have too much anxiety, whether because of too many things in life that are stressful or a past trauma causes ongoing anxiety, and then anxiety can be debilitating and harmful to your health. This happens also when anxiety is chronic. When anxiety gets bad once it starts to interfere with our daily lives, our happiness and health. That's when it becomes a problem. Number 2: Don't try to control everythingThe second way to get rid of anxiety is to stop trying to control everything. We can't control everything in our life, no matter how hard we try. This is something that we need to accept. Trying to control everything is a major cause of anxiety. It's important to learn to let go and accept that some things are out of your control. This tip can be particularly useful when you feel anxiety because of a lot of things, or a life-changing event, that are not in your direct control, such as the loss of a job or relationship, moving, the death of a loved one, or other circumstances and situations. Number 3: Avoid drugs and alcoholThe third way to get rid of anxiety is to avoid recreational drugs and alcohol. Drugs and alcohol can actually make anxiety worse. They can also lead to other problems, such as addiction, which can contribute to anxiety. Avoiding recreational drugs and alcohol if you suffer from anxiety can be very hard, because you may feel relief from your anxiety when you have a smoke, hit or drink. The problem is that once you are no longer high or tipsy, the anxiety comes right back, and when it is chronic, it can get worse and worse over time This is how recreational drugs or alcohol can make a problem worse. There are medications that can be very helpful in managing anxiety that your doctor can prescribe. Medications give your body - and your mind- a break from anxiety. They are particularly helpful in conjunction with talk therapy, which helps to understand the root cause of your anxiety and find ways to resolve it. Sometimes, as in the case of past trauma, this is talk therapy. Sometimes, as in the case of over-working or a bad boss, this is making a life change. Number 4: Get rid of negative thoughtsThe fourth way to get rid of anxiety is to get rid of negative thoughts. Chronic anxiety can cause a feedback loop that causes more anxiety and lots of negative thinking y. If you can learn to change your thinking, you can change your anxiety. Learning how to change your thinking often takes understanding why you are thinking a certain way and a lot of awareness of your own thoughts, Mindfulness can be a very helpful way to develop awareness of your thoughts, and talk therapy can be helpful in understanding why you thing the things you do, Negative thoughts are usually based on fears and other negative feelings.. When you talk about your feelings, they become clearer to you, and when you do not talk about them, the thought that fuel them can become exaggerated and then the feelings grow. Sustainably replacing negative thoughts with positive ones without awareness of when negative thoughts arise combined with compassionate understanding of why they arise is often not possible. NOTE: If you have thoughts about suicide, contact a crisis line or call 911. Number 5: Change your lifestyle habitsThe fifth way to get rid of anxiety is to change your lifestyle habits. Unhealthy lifestyle habits can make anxiety worse. This includes things like poor diet, lack of exercise, and not getting enough sleep. It's important to make sure that you are living a healthy lifestyle if you want to reduce your anxiety. Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep are all important. The most profoundly important thing you can do is get enough sleep. If you suffer from insomnia (not being able to get to sleep, or waking up too early and not being able to get back to sleep - the latter of which is often called stress anxiety), medical interventions can be a tremendously helpful, Your doctor can help you find a medication that you can use for a period of time that is not addictive. Another profoundly helpful habit is to get 15 minutes of cardiovascular exercise a day. You can join friends and go for a run, or just go for a walk in the nature. Just enjoy moving your body. Number 6: Seek professional helpThe sixth way to get rid of anxiety is to seek professional help. If you find that your anxiety is interfering with your daily life, it's important to seek help from a mental health professional. There are many different types of treatment available for anxiety. Talk therapy is where you talk about your feelings, thoughts, dreams and reflections to gain insight and develop awareness. An important aspect of talk therapy is the therapeutic relationship, which gives you the experience of a healthy caring relationship, It is important to find a therapist whom you trust and does not judge you, and you feel likes you. With the changes in the healthcare system due to Covid, there are more talk therapists available online. Mindfulness is another powerful intervention, whereby you develop awareness of and insight about your feelings, thoughts and patterns, as well as compassion for yourself. There are many different resources for learning mindfulness online, The trick is to find the one that best suits you. Some talk therapist integrate mindfulness into their therapy too, Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be anie t effective treatment in combination with talk therapy and mindfulness. CBT can help you to change the way you think about anxiety and how you react to it. Number 7: Take Care of YourselfThe seventh way to get rid of anxiety is to take care of yourself. This includes things like eating a healthy diet, getting enough exercise, and getting enough sleep. It's also important to find ways to relax and de-stress. Self care is crucial for a happy life, yet something many people put last, particularly if they value helping others. Putting yourself last can cause anxiety in the long run, and leaves you less able to help others. Self care is not selfish, it is actually generous. Do a wellness day and just live life a little bit. There are many different things that you can do to take care of yourself. Find what works for you and make sure to do it on a regular basis. Number 8: Connect with othersThe eighth way to get rid of anxiety is to connect with others. Social support is one of the most important things for all people whether plagued by anxiety or not because humans are evolutionarily designed to need other people. Connecting with others can help you to feel less alone and more supported. Make sure to spend time with friends and family who are loving and supportive to you, and to whom you are loving and supportive to. You can also join a support group, such as Al-Anon (which is for people who have problems with codependency, or see a therapist. Number 9: Practice Relaxation TechniquesThe ninth way to get rid of anxiety is to practice relaxation techniques. This includes things like deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and visualization. Mindfulness, yoga, dancing, playing sports, singing, walking, hiking, boating, fishing and other activities can be helpful to relaxation. You can find lots of resources for yoga and other activities online - on YouTube and other sites. Relaxation techniques can help you to feel more relaxed and less anxious. They can also help you to sleep better. These nine tips are just a few of ways to alleviate anxiety. The best ways for you to alleviate your anxiety is based on your preferences, genetics, life circumstances, and is unique to you. Try out different things and see what works for you. Remember, it is always a good idea to seek professional help if you find that your anxiety is interfering with your daily life. You can talk to your doctor and/or find a therapist. We hope you liked this blog post. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. Thanks for reading!
 Grief comes from many sources - the death of a loved one, the loss of a job, the breakup of a relationship, realizing a truth that you wish were different, a traumatic experience - and it also has many manifestations. There is grief that never or barely shows up in tears. This type of grief that can hum along, barely noticeable but most always there, tinting your world a little greyer. This grief stuck in denial can last for years, and a person can get so used to it they do not notice, and they may even suppress or repress the source of their grief, convincing themselves it is resolved because it is in the past or few tears were cried. A person can come to believe that they have a sadness to their nature, when in actuality, they have a grief they have not processed. On the other side of the spectrum is the kind of grief that sweeps over a person and has them sobbing, howling, and keening. This kind of grief is immediate, visible and visceral. A person with this kind of grief has moments or even hours and days where they may function, but the tears and sobs come back. Another manifestation of grief is an irritability or even anger that comes up too easily or in disproportionate response to a situation. A person with this kind of grief may lash out at loved ones or strangers for whom they actually bore no resentment. They may not respond with much feeling to the source of their grief, but with great resentment or fury at other things. While there are commonalities in the sources and kinds of grief, each person is unique and each person experiences a kind of grief when they lose something that is unique to them.
Some of the manifestations of grief can be physical and others psychological, but all affect your health and happiness. Manifestations of grief can be:
These are just some of the manifestations of grief. Grief is not just a psychological thing. It has implications for your physical body too.The best treatment for grief is to process your grief, but that is not always easy in part because processing grief takes lots of talking about your feelings and often this takes time and patience with yourself. Sometimes it is important to treat the physical manifestations so you can process your grief, but most of the time the physical and psychological are intertwined. Some things you can do to begin the process of processing your grief are:
Medicine can also help with insomnia and other aspects of grief. The most important thing for processing your grief is to feel your feelings and talk about your feelings, thoughts, regrets and reflections with someone who listens without judgment and with compassion to you, someone who is not trying to fix you or resolve your problem but will be there for you as you process your grief. A good friend, your doctor, a sponsor, and a therapist can be good people to talk to.  Guest Post by Bash Sarmiento, author, educator, marketing specialist. What is a Focus Group?A focus group, or FG, is a type of qualitative research. Usually, each focus group consists of 6 to 10 respondents with a moderator who asks predetermined questions to learn more about the participants’' thoughts and opinions about a certain subject. The types of subjects can range from a certain product to social topics, services or a policy. Human Resources departments in companies sometimes hold a focus group to improve employee engagement programs,,Nonprofits use focus groups to better understand how to serve their constituents, and governmental agencies use them to get a different perspective on policy implications . Though there are predetermined questions, focus group discussions are often free-flowing so as not to limit the discussion too much and to maintain a more organic form of data collection. 4 Benefits of Having a Focus GroupPrimary qualitative dataThrough a focus group, you’ll be able to receive first-hand feedback from your constituents, customers or community in their own words. Compared to a multiple-choice survey, you get to moderate a more unfiltered and free-flowing discussion. Instead of relying purely on quantitative data, you can also support your entity or project decisions or actions by getting primary information directly from the source: your constituents, customers or community. InsightBecause of the nature of a focus group, participants may be able to volunteer information or opinions that your team may not have considered or may have dismissed during previous research or internal discussions. Focus groups can be helpful for a business to gain insights into how consumers view the value of a certain project, for a nonprofit to understand how a community engages and would like to engage, and for a governmental agency, how it constituency is impacted by policies and how to mend such things as lack of confidence in government. Honest DiscussionsWith a focus group dialogue, participants feel often more confident in sharing their thoughts and opinions, in part because they are in a small group of people similar to them. They also are often more comfortable because of the free-flowing format of the discussion.. And with the moderator’s guidance, there is often more interaction and better exchanges of opinions, which allows you to mine for great data. Ability to deep-diveDuring a focus group discussion, if you need more of an explanation for an answer from one of the participants, a moderator can ask them to elaborate, make inquires to get to the root idea. or further the discussion so the whole group gives input. It does take an effective moderation to increase the quality and authenticity of the data being collected, and of course, you must have at least one and maybe more great note-takers. Preparing and conducting a focus groupChoose your topicTo decide whether a focus group is the way to go for your research, you first need to know what topic you will be covering. Is this the type of topic that would benefit from a focus group or maybe just a quick online survey? Focus groups can be time consuming, so it;s important to plan and understand the need for your time and effort in holding a focus groupA good tip is make sure not to keep the topics too broad so as to be able to carefully address the topics within the given amount of time, Narrowing down the topics will keep the discussion more focused! Select a moderatorA good moderator can come from your organization or you may hire someone. Choose someone with:
1) Prepare guide questionsYou can have four or ten questions to keep the discussion on topic but still free-flowing. Too many questions may make the focus group’s structure more like a Q&A session instead of a discussion. Your guide questions should be easy to understand and answer. They should be direct and avoid difficult vocabulary. Good questions are on open-ended questions and are not answerable with a simple yes or no. Make sure that they are not leading questions. Most importantly, ask questions for which the answers will be helpful! When there participant answers reveal topics that you have not considered and would be quite helpful the moderator can lead the discussion towards that newly revealed avenue of discussion. 2) Offer incentivesYou will be getting valuable qualitative information, but what will be the motivator for the participants to join your focus group? An incentive does not have to be monetary or even a large amount. Some examples can be free food and drinks or gift vouchers. The incentive mainly depends on your community, customers or constituents and your research budget. In general, the economic value of an incentive should be between one and four times one hour of minimum wages.. Too little and people will not be interested, and too much and you can skew your data with participants who want to please and will hold back on anything negative to say, in a sort of bargain for their incentive. 3) Invite participantsYour focus group can be a representative sample of your consumers, constituents or community, or you can hold several focus groups for the different aspects of your customers, constituents or community. It is best to be choosy about who you invite. Invite people to participate whose opinions you want to learn more about. Include in your invite basic meeting information like the time and place, duration, transportation, and number of participants who will be at the focus group. . You can reach out to existing customers, community members or consitents, or conduct an analysis of the demographics of your existing customers, community members or constituents and hand pick people who reflect your demographic profile. Often a personal approach is best, such as an email, letter or phone call. 4) Focus Group introductionsBegin by having everyone sign their attendance and consent forms since the discussion will be recorded, notes taken and used for research purposes. You can find consent forms online. The moderator can break the ice by introducing themselves first, then asking participants to do so as well, This gives the moderator an idea of who each person is and how to manage them, you can ask them to share their first name or nickname. If they are comfortable enough, they can share their occupation and interests. You can include something fun, like their super power or favorite dessert. 5) Begin the discussionThe moderator kicks things off by asking the first question from the predetermined list. It’s up to the moderator to create a natural flow of conversation. It’s best not to stick too close to the list and to really listen to the answers and where the discussion is going. The moderator can ask participants to elaborate if they see that an answer can be expounded upon or has the potential to produce better discussion and more insightful information. 6) Debriefing and analysisAfter your focus group, it’s time to debrief with the rest of your team. Your team should also discuss and clean up the data and create information from it:, highlighting any issues, valuable insights, or important concerns that were covered. Most importantly, data and information you get from a focus group is only as good as the amount of time, thought and effort you put into planning it. The key thing is to understand what it is you want to know and how that information will be helpful. You do not need to know exactly what you want to know - but you do need to have a strong idea, which often comes from a strong strategy. Read another post by Bash.
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